VARIAN MANAJEMEN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT ISLAM: MANAJEMEN KONFLIK DI ZAMAN RASULULLAH PADA PERISTIWA PIAGAM MADINAH

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis strategi varian manajemen konflik yang diterapkan oleh Rasulullah ﷺ dalam pengembangan masyarakat Islam awal, yang tercermin dalam peristiwa historis Piagam Madinah (Mīthāq al-Madīnah). Menghadapi tantangan mengintegrasikan komunitas Muslim (Muhajirin dan Ansar) dan membangun koeksistensi damai dengan suku-suku non-Muslim (terutama Yahudi), Rasulullah menerapkan Manajemen Integrasi dan Kedaulatan Kolektif. Melalui analisis historis-deskriptif Piagam Madinah, ditemukan bahwa strategi ini mencakup empat varian kunci: Pengakuan Pluralitas (mengakui otonomi agama setiap kelompok), Pembentukan Struktur Kedaulatan Kolektif (mengikat semua pihak dalam satu Ummah Wāhidah untuk pertahanan), Mekanisme Arbitrase Sentral (menetapkan Rasulullah sebagai arbiter tertinggi), dan penekanan pada Etika Publik Bersama (keadilan dan pencegahan kezaliman). Piagam Madinah, oleh karena itu, berfungsi sebagai model manajemen multikultural dan konflik yang relevan, menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional Rasulullah menekankan inklusi, hukum bersama, dan keadilan sebagai pilar utama pembangunan masyarakat yang damai dan maju.

This research aims to analyze the strategic management conflict variants implemented by the Prophet Muhammad in the early development of the Islamic society, as reflected in the pivotal historical event of the Charter of Medina (Mīthāq al-Madīnah). The primary challenge after the migration to Yathrib (Medina) was integrating the Muslim immigrant (Muhajirin) and local Muslim (Ansar) communities, while simultaneously establishing peaceful coexistence with non-Muslim groups, particularly the Jewish tribes, who were traditionally engaged in prolonged internal conflicts. Utilizing a historical- descriptive analysis method, this study examines primary sources, including the Sirah Nabawiyah and the text of the Charter itself. The findings reveal that the Prophet implemented an approach termed “Integration and Collective Sovereignty Management”. This conflict management strategy encompassed four key variants: Plurality Recognition (explicitly acknowledging the religious and legal autonomy of each group), Establishment of a Collective Sovereignty Structure (binding all parties into a unified Ummah Wāhidah committed to collective external defense), Central Arbitration Mechanism (designating the Prophet as the supreme arbiter to prevent internal conflict escalation), and an emphasis on Shared Public Ethics (adherence to 'adl (justice) and the prevention of zulm (oppression)). In conclusion, the Conflict Management in the Charter of Medina serves as a vital blueprint for effective multicultural governance, offering contemporary Islamic community development crucial lessons on transformational leadership, inclusion, common law, and justice as the core pillars for building a peaceful and progressive society